Crypto Casino UK 2026: Licences, Coins and the Rules That Actually Matter
A crypto casino in the UK is a narrower thing than the marketing suggests. You can deposit with Bitcoin at a handful of licensed brands, but the Gambling Commission has never approved crypto as a payment method for remote casino play, and the 2005 Gambling Act treats digital assets as cash equivalents for AML purposes. That single tension shapes everything below.
Most guides skip it. They list fifty brands, most of which will not accept a UK player with a debit card, let alone a wallet. My approach is different: start with the licence, work out what that licence permits, then look at which operators actually deliver. Jurisdiction first, product second. That is the order a regulator would use, and it is the order that keeps your money safe.
What follows covers the UKGC, MGA and Curaçao frameworks side by side, the coins that survive UK-facing compliance, the bonus mechanics that trip people up, and a ranked look at the operators worth your attention. Numbers are current to the 2026 UKGC fee schedule and the 2025 Gambling Act review white paper implementation timeline.
What Makes a Crypto Casino Legal in the UK?
Legality hinges on one document: a Gambling Commission remote operating licence, or an equivalent from a recognised jurisdiction that the operator chooses to rely on. The UKGC does not issue a "crypto casino" licence. It issues a remote casino licence, and then the operator decides internally whether to accept digital assets. Few do.
The Commission's position, restated in its 2023 consultation response on financial risk checks and carried into the 2025 white paper implementation, is that crypto deposits carry unacceptably high money laundering risk for UK-licensed operators without enhanced due diligence. That means source-of-funds checks at £500 net deposit in a rolling 12-month period for at-risk customers, and full checks at £5,000 for the highest-risk cohort.
Practically, the UK crypto casino market is small. Of roughly 3,000 UKGC-licensed remote operators, fewer than 40 accept any form of digital asset, and most of those route it through a third-party processor that converts to sterling before it hits the player account. The casino never touches the coin. You do.
Does a crypto casino need a UK licence to take UK players?
Yes, if it wants to advertise, sponsor or accept UK payment methods. The Gambling Act 2005 makes it an offence to provide facilities for gambling to a person in Great Britain without a Commission licence. Offshore operators that accept UK players without one are operating outside the law, and the Commission maintains a public list of unauthorised sites it has asked ISPs to block.
Which regulator actually covers crypto casinos?
The UKGC covers UK-facing brands. Curaçao covers the bulk of offshore crypto-native casinos under its 2024 licensing reform, which replaced the old master-licence model with four direct licence classes. The MGA covers Malta-licensed operators, many of which accept crypto and market across the EU but not into Britain.
What happens if you play at an unlicensed crypto casino?
Nothing criminal on your side. The offence sits with the operator. But you lose every statutory protection: no ADR service, no deposit limit enforcement, no right to complain to the Commission, and no recourse if the site vanishes. The Gambling Commission reported £4.2 million in redress secured for players in 2024/25 across licensed operators only.
UKGC vs MGA vs Curaçao: The Licence Comparison That Matters
Three licences, three different levels of protection. The table below is the one I would want in front of me before depositing a single satoshi. Everything in it is drawn from each regulator's published fee schedule and player-protection rules as they stand in early 2026.
| Feature | UKGC (Great Britain) | MGA (Malta) | Curaçao (Gaming Control Board) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Annual licence fee | From £4,281 (remote casino, base) | €25,000 application + €25,000 annual | From €4,000 (Class B2) to €40,000 |
| Minimum capital requirement | Not fixed; financial resilience test | €40,000 for Type 1 | €100,000 for Class B2 |
| Player protection rules | Mandatory limits, GAMSTOP, ADR | Mandatory limits, national registers | Light-touch, operator-defined |
| Crypto permitted | Technically yes, practically rare | Yes, with AML controls | Yes, widely |
| Complaint escalation | Commission + ADR | MGA player support | Limited, direct to operator |
| Advertising restrictions | Strict (CAP Code, 2022 rules) | Moderate | Minimal |
| Typical complaint resolution time | 8 weeks (ADR) | Up to 90 days | Not guaranteed |
The UKGC column is the one that costs operators the most and protects players the best. The Curaçao column is the one that makes crypto deposits frictionless and disputes painful. MGA sits between, and for a UK player the MGA licence is legally irrelevant because the operator cannot legally serve you.
One number worth knowing: the UKGC's 2025/26 total operating budget is £47.8 million, funded entirely by licence fees. Curaçao's Gaming Control Board operates on a fraction of that per licensee. Scale of enforcement follows scale of funding. That is not a moral judgement, it is an accounting one.
Why does the UKGC ban crypto bonuses but Curaçao allows them?
The UKGC does not ban crypto bonuses explicitly. It bans bonus terms that are unfair or unclear under the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008, and crypto bonuses tend to fail that test because the wagering requirement is expressed in a volatile asset. Curaçao imposes no such clarity requirement.
Is an MGA licence better than a UKGC one for crypto players?
For a UK resident, no. MGA-licensed operators cannot legally offer casino services to Great Britain without a UKGC licence, and none of the major MGA crypto brands do. The MGA framework is stronger than Curaçao's but it is not accessible to you from a UK IP address.
What is the Curaçao 2024 licensing reform?
The National Ordinance for Games of Chance (LOK) replaced the old master-licence structure with four direct classes: B1 (casino), B2 (online casino), A (sportsbook) and L (lottery). It took effect from 2024 with a transition deadline of 24 December 2024 for existing master-licensees to convert or cease operating.
How Do Crypto Deposits Work at a UK-Facing Casino?
Three models exist, and only one is common among licensed operators. The first is direct wallet deposit, where the casino holds the coin in custody. Rare in the UK. The second is processor conversion, where a third party takes your BTC, sells it at spot, and credits sterling to your account. This is what most UKGC-licensed crypto-friendly brands use.
The third is the offshore model, where a Curaçao-licensed casino holds your coin directly and settles bets in the same asset. This is where the crypto-native brands live, and it is where the risk concentrates. Not because the games are rigged, but because there is no regulator standing behind the solvency of the operator.
For the processor model, expect a spread. A typical conversion at a UK-licensed brand charges between 0.5% and 1.5% above spot, plus a network fee that varies with block congestion. On a £100 deposit that is £0.50 to £1.50 gone before you place a bet. Not catastrophic, but not free either.
Which cryptocurrencies can you actually deposit?
Bitcoin and Ethereum dominate, with Litecoin and Bitcoin Cash as lower-fee alternatives. Tether (USDT) and USD Coin (USDC) are increasingly common because stablecoin deposits avoid the volatility problem entirely. Of the 40-odd UKGC-licensed brands that accept digital assets, fewer than 10 accept anything beyond BTC and ETH.
What are the minimum and maximum crypto deposit limits?
Minimums sit between the equivalent of £10 and £20 at most UK-facing brands, though network fees make anything under £50 economically silly on Bitcoin. Maximums are usually the standard £5,000 or £10,000 per transaction, though offshore crypto-native operators often have no stated cap.
How long does a crypto withdrawal take?
Bitcoin confirmations average 10 minutes per block, and most casinos require 1 to 3 confirmations before releasing funds. That puts a typical withdrawal at 20 to 40 minutes. Ethereum is faster at 12 to 15 seconds per block, and stablecoin transfers on Tron or Solana settle in under 5 seconds.
Which Crypto Casinos Are Worth Your Time in 2026?
Ranked on licence, withdrawal speed, game library and the honesty of the bonus terms. Not on affiliate revenue, which is the metric most lists actually use. I have grouped them by what they are good at rather than pretending a single winner exists.
1. Bet365 Casino
UKGC licensed, huge game library from Playtech and Microgaming, and a sportsbook that dwarfs the casino. Crypto deposits are not supported directly, but the operator's scale means withdrawals are processed within 24 hours on average. If you want the safest UK-facing option, this is it.
2. William Hill Casino
UKGC licensed since 2015, part of the 888 Holdings group. Over 500 slots from NetEnt, IGT and Pragmatic Play. No crypto deposits, but the GAMSTOP integration and ADR access are exactly what you want if a dispute arises. Strong on live dealer via Evolution.
3. Sky Bet Casino
UKGC licensed, Flutter-owned, and one of the few UK brands with a genuinely deep live casino product. Crypto not accepted. Withdrawal times average 12 hours for verified accounts. The trade-off is a narrower slot selection than William Hill.
4. Ladbrokes Casino
UKGC licensed, Entain-owned, and running on the same platform as Coral and PartyCasino. Over 700 games. No crypto. The advantage is the retail presence: if something goes wrong you can walk into a shop and speak to a human, which no crypto-native operator offers.
5. Paddy Power Casino
UKGC licensed, Flutter-owned, and the most distinctive brand voice in the UK market. Crypto not accepted. The casino product is thinner than Sky Bet's but the live dealer range from Evolution is solid. Withdrawals in under 24 hours.
6. Coral Casino
UKGC licensed, Entain-owned. Over 600 slots, strong on Playtech and Blueprint. No crypto. The welcome offer is modest compared to offshore brands, but the wagering requirement is 35x rather than the 60x to 80x you see elsewhere.
7. Betfred Casino
UKGC licensed, family-owned, and one of the last independent UK operators of scale. No crypto. The casino runs on Playtech with over 400 games. Withdrawal times are the weak point: expect 24 to 48 hours for card withdrawals.
8. Betfair Casino
UKGC licensed, Flutter-owned. The exchange heritage means the casino product is secondary, but the live dealer range and the Virtual Sports offering are worth a look. No crypto deposits. ADR access is standard.
9. 32Red Casino
UKGC licensed, Kindred-owned. Over 500 slots, strong on Microgaming and NetEnt. No crypto. The brand has been quiet on marketing since the 2022 UK advertising rules tightened, but the product has not degraded.
10. LeoVegas Casino
UKGC licensed, MGM-owned since 2022. Over 1,000 slots, one of the deepest libraries in the UK market. No crypto deposits for UK players, though the operator accepts crypto in some other markets. Withdrawals in under 12 hours for verified accounts.
11. 888 Casino
UKGC licensed, and one of the few brands with a genuinely global crypto footprint. UK players get the fiat product. Over 1,500 games. The withdrawal process is fast but the KYC is thorough, which is the price of a UKGC licence.
12. MrQ Casino
UKGC licensed, and the most interesting UK brand of the last five years. No wagering requirements on the welcome bonus, which is genuinely unusual. Over 900 slots from Pragmatic, Hacksaw and others. No crypto. Withdrawals in under 6 hours.
13. PlayOJO Casino
UKGC licensed, SkillOnNet-powered. No wagering requirements, no maximum win cap on the welcome offer, and a transparent fee structure. No crypto. Over 1,000 games. The trade-off is a narrower live dealer product than the Flutter brands.
14. Casumo Casino
UKGC licensed, and one of the earliest UK brands to build a mobile-first product. Over 1,200 slots. No crypto for UK players. Withdrawals in under 24 hours. The gamification is heavy but the underlying product is solid.
15. Unibet Casino
UKGC licensed, Kindred-owned. Over 1,000 slots and a strong live dealer range from Evolution. No crypto. The responsible gambling tools are among the best in the market, with deposit limits enforceable in real time.
16. Grosvenor Casinos
UKGC licensed, Rank Group-owned. The only UK brand with a genuine retail casino heritage, and the online product reflects that. Over 400 slots, strong on IGT and Playtech. No crypto. Withdrawals in 24 to 48 hours.
17. Genting Casino
UKGC licensed, and the online arm of the Genting retail estate. Over 300 games, strong on live dealer. No crypto. The product is narrower than the Flutter brands but the retail link means a physical escalation route exists.
18. Betway Casino
UKGC licensed, Super Group-owned. Over 500 slots from Microgaming, NetEnt and Playtech. No crypto for UK players. Withdrawals in under 24 hours. The sportsbook is the bigger draw, but the casino is competent.
19. BetVictor Casino
UKGC licensed, independent, and one of the few remaining UK brands not owned by a super-group. Over 400 slots. No crypto. The live dealer product is smaller than the majors but the withdrawal speed is competitive at under 12 hours.
20. Gala Bingo
UKGC licensed, Entain-owned. Bingo-first, but the casino product has grown to over 300 games. No crypto. The audience is different from the slot-first brands, and the bonuses reflect that: smaller, but with lower wagering requirements.
Twenty brands and not one of them accepts crypto deposits for UK players. That is the reality of the market, and any list claiming otherwise is either listing offshore operators or is wrong. The crypto-native brands that do accept UK players sit outside the UKGC framework, and I cover them separately below.
What Are the Best Offshore Crypto Casinos for UK Players?
Offshore means a Curaçao or Anjouan licence, no UKGC oversight, and no legal recourse if things go wrong. I am not going to pretend otherwise. But the crypto-native market exists, it is large, and pretending it does not would be unhelpful. Here are the operators that have built a reputation over multiple years.
1. Roobet Casino
Curaçao licensed, crypto-native since 2017, and one of the earliest brands to build a provably fair game library. Accepts BTC, ETH, USDT and 20+ other coins. The house edge on original games is published, typically 1% to 4%. No UKGC licence, so no ADR access.
2. Stake Casino
Curaçao licensed, and the largest crypto casino by wager volume globally. Over 3,000 games from Pragmatic, Hacksaw, Nolimit City and others. Accepts 30+ coins. The VIP programme is aggressive, with rakeback up to 15% on some tiers. Not UKGC licensed.
3. BC.Game
Curaçao licensed, and one of the few offshore operators with a genuinely deep original game library. Over 2,000 games. Accepts 40+ coins. The provably fair implementation is auditable. No UKGC licence, and the terms of service explicitly exclude UK players, which is worth knowing.
4. BitStarz Casino
Curaçao licensed, operating since 2014, and one of the few offshore brands with a track record long enough to be meaningful. Over 3,500 games from NetEnt, Microgaming, Pragmatic and others. Accepts BTC, ETH, LTC and 10+ others. Withdrawals in under 30 minutes for verified accounts.
5. mBit Casino
Curaçao licensed, operating since 2014, and one of the earliest crypto-native brands. Over 2,500 games. Accepts BTC, ETH, LTC, DOGE and others. The bonus structure is aggressive: up to 5 BTC across the first four deposits. Wagering requirement is 40x.
6. FortuneJack Casino
Curaçao licensed, and one of the few offshore brands with a genuinely strong live dealer product. Over 1,500 games. Accepts BTC, ETH, LTC and others. The provably fair implementation covers the originals. No UKGC licence.
7. Cloudbet Casino
Curaçao licensed, operating since 2013, and one of the oldest crypto-native brands still running. Over 1,000 games. Accepts BTC, ETH, USDT and others. The sportsbook is the bigger draw, but the casino product is competent.
8. 7Bit Casino
Curaçao licensed, and one of the few offshore brands with a genuinely deep slot library. Over 5,000 games from Pragmatic, Hacksaw, NetEnt and others. Accepts BTC, ETH, LTC and others. Withdrawals in under 15 minutes for verified accounts.
9. Katsubet Casino
Curaçao licensed, and part of the same group as 7Bit. Over 4,000 games. Accepts BTC, ETH, LTC and others. The bonus structure is similar to 7Bit, which is not a coincidence. Withdrawals in under 20 minutes.
10. Duelz Casino
Curaçao licensed, and one of the few offshore brands with a genuinely distinctive product. Over 1,000 games. Accepts BTC, ETH and others. The gamification is heavy, which is either a feature or a bug depending on your taste.
Ten offshore brands, all Curaçao licensed, all accepting UK players in violation of their own terms of service in some cases. That is the honest position. If you play at any of them, you are doing so without the protections the UKGC framework provides. Read the terms before you deposit.
What Do the Numbers Say About Crypto Casino Bonuses?
Bonus terms are where the economics of a casino become visible. The wagering requirement tells you how much you need to bet before a bonus converts to withdrawable cash, and the maximum win cap tells you how much of the theoretical value the operator is willing to give up.
| Operator type | Typical welcome bonus | Wagering requirement | Max win cap | Expected loss at 96% RTP |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UKGC-licensed, fiat | £100 (100% match) | 35x bonus | £500 | £140 |
| UKGC-licensed, no-wagering | £10 free | 0x | £100 | £0.40 |
| MGA-licensed | €200 (100% match) | 40x bonus | €1,000 | €320 |
| Curaçao, crypto-native | 1 BTC (100% match) | 40x bonus | 10x bonus | 0.016 BTC |
| Curaçao, high-roller | 5 BTC (across 4 deposits) | 50x bonus | No cap | 0.1 BTC |
The expected loss column is the number most players never calculate. At a 35x wagering requirement on a £100 bonus, you need to wager £3,500. At 96% RTP, you lose 4% of that, which is £140. The bonus is worth £100. So the net expected value is negative £40 before you factor in the max win cap.
That is not a reason to avoid bonuses. It is a reason to read them. A no-wagering bonus like the one at MrQ or PlayOJO has an expected loss of pennies because there is no wagering requirement to grind through. A 50x crypto bonus worth 5 BTC has an expected loss of 0.1 BTC, which at current prices is a serious number.
How do I calculate whether a bonus is worth taking?
Multiply the wagering requirement by the bonus amount, then multiply by the house edge. If the result is less than the bonus, it is worth taking. If it is more, it is not. A £100 bonus at 35x with a 4% house edge produces a theoretical loss of £140, which exceeds the £100 bonus.
What is a fair wagering requirement for a crypto bonus?
Under 40x is fair. Between 40x and 60x is acceptable if the max win cap is generous. Above 60x is aggressive, and above 80x is predatory. The UKGC has effectively banned anything above 40x for UK-licensed brands through its consumer protection rules.
Do crypto bonuses have different wagering requirements?
Yes, and usually worse ones. A typical UKGC-licensed bonus caps at 35x. A typical Curaçao crypto bonus sits at 40x to 50x, and some high-roller offers go to 60x. The reason is simple: offshore operators have no regulator capping the requirement, so they set it where the expected value favours the house.
What Are the Responsible Gambling Rules for Crypto Casino Players?
This section is not optional. The legal age for gambling in Great Britain is 18, and it applies to offshore operators as much as UKGC-licensed ones. If a crypto casino cannot verify your age, it cannot legally accept your deposit, and the terms will say so.
GAMSTOP is the UK's national self-exclusion register, and it covers every UKGC-licensed operator. If you self-exclude through GAMSTOP, you cannot access any of the 20 UK-licensed brands listed above for a minimum of 6 months. Offshore crypto casinos are not currently required to check GAMSTOP, which is one of the strongest arguments against using them.
The national gambling helpline is 0808 8020 133, run by GamCare and available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. It is free from UK landlines and mobiles. If you are worried about your gambling, or about someone else's, that is the number to call.
Deposit limits, loss limits and session time limits are mandatory at every UKGC-licensed operator. They are optional at most offshore crypto casinos, and where they exist they are usually self-set rather than enforced. That asymmetry is the single biggest practical difference between the two markets.
What is the legal age for crypto casino play in the UK?
18. The Gambling Act 2005 sets the minimum age for all commercial gambling in Great Britain at 18, with no exception for crypto deposits. Offshore operators that accept under-18 deposits are breaching UK law and their own licensing conditions in most cases.
Does GAMSTOP cover crypto casinos?
GAMSTOP covers every UKGC-licensed operator, and that includes the handful that accept crypto deposits via a processor. It does not currently cover Curaçao-licensed crypto-native casinos. If self-exclusion is important to you, that alone should steer you toward a UKGC-licensed brand.
Where can I get help with a gambling problem?
Call the National Gambling Helpline on 0808 8020 133, free and 24/7. GamCare also offers live chat through its website. For self-exclusion, register with GAMSTOP at gamstop.co.uk. Both services are free and confidential, and neither requires you to identify yourself publicly.
Which Game Providers Matter at a Crypto Casino?
Game library quality is a proxy for operator seriousness. A casino that carries Pragmatic Play, NetEnt, Microgaming, Evolution and Hacksaw Gaming has made a substantial investment in content. A casino that carries none of them is either new, small, or operating on a white-label platform with a limited catalogue.
Pragmatic Play dominates the slot market with titles like Sweet Bonanza and Gates of Olympus, both of which carry RTPs of 96.5% and 96.5% respectively at default settings. NetEnt's Starburst sits at 96.1%. Microgaming's Thunderstruck II at 96.65%. These are the numbers to compare against the operator's published RTP, because some casinos run lower-RTP variants.
Evolution dominates live dealer with over 500 tables across roulette, blackjack, baccarat and game shows. Hacksaw Gaming has built a reputation for high-volatility slots with RTPs from 94% to 96.5%. Nolimit City sits at the higher-volatility end, with some titles hitting 30,000x max win multipliers.
How do I check the RTP of a crypto casino game?
The RTP is usually published in the game's information panel, accessible from the paytable. If it is not there, check the provider's website. UKGC-licensed operators must publish RTP for every game, and the figure must match the provider's stated figure. Offshore operators are not required to do either.
Are provably fair games actually fair?
Provably fair means the outcome can be verified after the fact using a published hash and a server seed. It is a genuine cryptographic guarantee, not marketing. The catch is that it only applies to the operator's own games, not to the third-party slots, which use standard RNGs audited by labs like eCOGRA or GLI.
What Are the Fees and Costs of Crypto Casino Play?
Four cost layers sit between your wallet and your winnings. Network fees, conversion spreads, withdrawal fees and inactivity fees. Most players only notice the first one, which is usually the smallest.
Bitcoin network fees averaged $1.50 to $3.00 per transaction through 2025, spiking to over $20 during congestion events. Ethereum fees are typically $2 to $8 for a standard transfer, higher during network demand. Litecoin and Bitcoin Cash sit at under $0.10 for most transactions, which is why they remain popular for casino deposits.
Conversion spreads at UKGC-licensed processors run 0.5% to 1.5% above spot. Withdrawal fees at offshore crypto casinos are usually zero for the first withdrawal of the month, then 1% to 2% thereafter. Inactivity fees are rarer but exist: some Curaçao operators charge €5 per month after 12 months of no activity.
Are crypto casino winnings taxable in the UK?
No. Gambling winnings are not subject to UK income tax or capital gains tax for the player, and HMRC has confirmed this position repeatedly. The operator pays tax on its profits. If you are a professional gambler, different rules may apply, but that is a narrow exception.
What is the cheapest cryptocurrency for casino deposits?
Litecoin and Bitcoin Cash, at under $0.10 per transaction in normal conditions. Tether on the Tron network is similarly cheap at under $1. Bitcoin and Ethereum are the most expensive, and the gap widens during network congestion.
Frequently Asked Questions About Crypto Casinos
Can I use Bitcoin at a UK-licensed casino?
Technically yes, practically rarely. Fewer than 40 of roughly 3,000 UKGC-licensed remote operators accept digital assets, and most route them through a processor that converts to sterling. The casino never holds the coin. Direct wallet deposits at a UKGC-licensed brand are close to nonexistent.
Is a crypto casino safer than a regular online casino?
No, and the opposite is usually true. A UKGC-licensed casino offers ADR access, GAMSTOP coverage, mandatory deposit limits and a funded regulator. A Curaçao-licensed crypto casino offers none of those. The crypto part is neutral; the licence is what determines safety.
What happens if a crypto casino refuses to pay out?
At a UKGC-licensed operator you escalate to the ADR service, which must resolve within 8 weeks. At a Curaçao-licensed operator you have no equivalent route. You can complain to the Gaming Control Board, but it has no player redress mechanism and no obligation to intervene in individual disputes.
Do crypto casinos report winnings to HMRC?
No. Gambling winnings are not taxable in the UK, so there is nothing to report. The operator reports suspicious transactions under AML rules, but that is a different matter. If you are a professional gambler, seek advice, because the rules change.
Which is better: a UKGC licence or a Curaçao licence?
For a UK player, the UKGC licence is better on every measure that matters: player protection, dispute resolution, advertising standards and enforcement. The Curaçao licence is better on exactly one measure: it permits crypto deposits without the compliance friction that makes UKGC-licensed operators reluctant to accept them.
How much can I deposit at a crypto casino?
At a UKGC-licensed operator, standard limits apply: typically £5,000 to £10,000 per transaction, with source-of-funds checks above £500 net deposit in a 12-month period for at-risk customers. At a Curaçao-licensed crypto casino, limits are usually operator-defined and often uncapped.
Are crypto casino games rigged?
Not at any operator worth using. Third-party slots use RNGs audited by eCOGRA, GLI or similar labs, and the RTP is published. Provably fair originals use cryptographic verification. The risk is not rigged games; it is an operator that becomes insolvent or simply stops paying, which is a licensing problem, not a game problem.
The honest summary is this: the UK crypto casino market is small, tightly regulated and deliberately slow to adopt digital assets. The offshore market is large, lightly regulated and fast. Neither is inherently better, but only one of them gives you a regulator to call when something goes wrong. Choose with that in mind, set a deposit limit before you start, and treat the helpline number as a resource rather than a last resort.